二手烟、三手烟的危害究竟有多大?******
最近,一对60多岁的夫妻先后确诊了肺癌。妻子介绍,自己丈夫吸烟将近50年,没想到自己比他先患上肺癌。夫妻一方吸烟,另一方势必会被动地吸到二手烟、三手烟。
吸烟是导致肺癌的首要原因,即使不患肺癌,烟草也会对肺功能造成其他严重的损害。
每当劝身边人戒烟时,总会被这样的话噎住:“隔壁那谁,抽了一辈子烟,也活得好好的……”还有类似“我抽烟我身体不好,和你没什么关系”这样的话语。其实,抽烟不仅仅对抽烟者的身体有害,二手烟、三手烟对其他人也有很大危害,甚至超过了对抽烟者自身的危害!
什么是二手烟、三手烟?
点燃一支烟,吸烟者吸入的是经过过滤的烟雾,剩下大部分未经过滤的烟雾,就成为了“二手烟”。二手烟由两种烟雾混合而成:侧流烟和主流烟。侧流烟指的是直接从纸烟、雪茄或者烟斗里飘出的烟,主流烟则是从吸烟者嘴里吐出的烟雾。
二手烟中,有大约250种有毒物质,其中至少69种致癌,金属、烟草特有亚硝胺及多环芳烃等有害物质。据世界卫生组织报告,烟草每年使全球800多万人失去生命,其中,有120万非吸烟者死于二手烟暴露导致的疾病。同时二手烟暴露也是导致冠心病的重要因素。
三手烟其实来源于二手烟,但是比二手烟成分要复杂。“三手烟”是指附着在衣服、墙壁、地毯、家具甚至头发和皮肤等表面的残留烟草烟雾,所含的有毒成分包括氢氰酸、丁烷、甲苯、砷、铅、一氧化碳以及超过十种高度致癌的化合物。
三手烟会附着在接触到的任何物体上,且随着时间的推移而累积,可以渗入到地板和墙壁中,很难清除和清洁。此外,吸附在物体表面的三手烟还会重新散发到空气中,与氧化剂反应和其他化合物产生二次污染物。有研究表明,烟草烟气中残留的尼古丁会与环境中的一氧化二氮发生反应,形成致癌的烟草特异性亚硝胺。
二手烟、三手烟的危害有多大?
很多人认为,只要不在家人面前吸烟就不会对家人身体造成影响,但这种观点是错误的。相关研究指出,吸烟的父母就算不在他们的婴儿面前吸烟,却仍然从婴儿尿液中验出尼古丁的代谢物可丁宁,其含量是一般婴儿的5.58倍。
吸二手烟、三手烟的危害,可能比吸烟者还大!这是因为香烟点燃后外冒的烟与吸入的烟相比,一些致癌物质的含量更高,如一氧化碳含量高5倍,焦油和尼古丁高3倍,苯高4倍,氨高46倍,亚硝胺高50倍,这些物质被不吸烟者经鼻吸入呼吸道后,一样可损害气管上皮细胞,诱发癌变。
对女性来说,长期暴露在二手烟下可导致容颜早衰、月经紊乱、雌激素低下、骨质疏松,严重的还将引发宫颈癌、子宫癌等疾病。
儿童更易受到三手烟的危害,他们成天爬来爬去,嬉戏玩耍,经常接触到被污染的表面。由于婴幼儿和儿童体重相对成人低,免疫系统较脆弱,吸入这些有害物质后,最直接的后果就是引起婴幼儿的呼吸系统问题,如急性支气管炎、哮喘等。另外,环境中的烟草残留物,也可对儿童的神经系统、呼吸系统、循环系统等造成不小的危害。
图源:摄图网
如何尽量减少二手烟、三手烟的伤害?
如果无法避免经常暴露在二手烟或三手烟的环境中,可以通过以下几点措施,尽量减少二手烟、三手烟对自己的伤害。
开窗通风。在室内即使只吸一支烟,也需要开窗通风16个小时以上,才能使PM2.5浓度恢复之前的水平。除了开窗通风,室内还可以适当摆放绿植,必要时可使用空气净化器。
及时清洗衣物。若身边有人吸烟,不要在吸过烟的环境中长期停留,回家后应更换衣服且洗澡。及时更换可能存在三手烟的物品如衣物、窗帘、地毯、床上用品等,并且避免在室内留放吸烟用品。
多吃水果蔬菜。多吃富含胡萝卜素及维生素C的新鲜蔬果,适当喝些绿茶,这些食物有助于清除烟进入人体后产生的自由基,减少伤害。
远离吸烟者。在室外尽量少在吸烟场所逗留,尤其是婴幼儿、青少年及体弱多病者等特殊人群。外出旅游时,尽量选择待在无烟区。乘车时,选择无烟车厢;住酒店时,选择无烟的房间。
劝他人戒烟。如果避无可避,要对吸烟者果断说“不”,让他不要在公共场所吸烟。
癌症是多个因素综合作用的结果,吸烟只是其中的一个重要因素,但这是最重要的一个因素,又是一个绝对可以控制的因素,为爱人,为子女,为了身边的人,为了健康,戒烟吧!
来源:科技日报、中国疾病预防控制中心、生命时报、人民日报、科普熊猫、广东卫生信息
整理:刘雪洁
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |